Monday, December 14, 2020

Earth's Fields


Conceptual impressions surrounding this post are yet to be substantiated, corroborated, confirmed or woven into a larger argument, or network.



What Causes Earth's Magnetic Field?

Global magnetic field of the solar corona measured for the first time




















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Fragments of energy – not waves or particles – may be the fundamental building blocks of the universe
by Larry M. Silverberg, The Conversation

“Working from the idea of a universe of flowing energy lines, we looked for a single building block for the flowing energy. If we could find and define such a thing, we hoped we could use it to accurately make predictions about the universe at the largest and tiniest scales. There were many building blocks to choose from mathematically, but we sought one that had the features of both the particle and wave—concentrated like the particle but also spread out over space and time like the wave. The answer was a building block that looks like a concentration of energy—kind of like a star—having energy that is highest at the center and that gets smaller farther away from the center. Much to our surprise, we discovered that there were only a limited number of ways to describe a concentration of energy that flows. Of those, we found just one that works in accordance with our mathematical definition of flow. We named it a fragment of energy. 

For the precession-of-Mercury problem, we modeled the Sun as an enormous stationary fragment of energy and Mercury as a smaller but still enormous slow-moving fragment of energy. For the bending-of-light problem, the Sun was modeled the same way, but the photon was modeled as a minuscule fragment of energy moving at the speed of light. In both problems, we calculated the trajectories of the moving fragments and got the same answers as those predicted by the theory of general relativity. We were stunned. Our initial work demonstrated how a new building block is capable of accurately modeling bodies from the enormous to the minuscule. Where particles and waves break down, the fragment of energy building block held strong. The fragment could be a single potentially universal building block from which to model reality mathematically—and update the way people think about the building blocks of the universe." 




Physicist see electron whirlpools for the first time 
Jennifer Chu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Now, physicists at MIT and the Weizmann Institute of Science have observed electrons flowing in vortices, or whirlpools—a hallmark of fluid flow that theorists predicted electrons should exhibit, but that has never been seen until now. 

"Electron vortices are expected in theory, but there's been no direct proof, and seeing is believing," says Leonid Levitov, professor of physics at MIT. "Now we've seen it, and it's a clear signature of being in this new regime, where electrons behave as a fluid, not as individual particles.

"Tungsten ditelluride is one of the new quantum materials where electrons are strongly interacting and behave as quantum waves rather than particles," Levitov says. "In addition, the material is very clean, which makes the fluid-like behavior directly accessible." 

"We observed a change in the flow direction in the chambers, where the flow direction reversed the direction as compared to that in the central strip," Levitov says. "That is a very striking thing, and it is the same physics as that in ordinary fluids but happening with electrons on the nanoscale. That's a clear signature of electrons being in a fluid-like regime."
 














Edited: 11.11.2020, 12.14.2020, 04.03.2022, 07.07.2022
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